An Analysis of Class and Gender Conflict in Pygmalion Essay -- World L

"Pygmalion is a serious analysis of class and gender conflict." Bernard Shaw's play, entitled Pygmalion, transcends the nature of drama as a medium to be utilized for sheer entertainment value. Shaw's play powerfully comments on the capacity for the individual to overcome the boundaries established by systems of class and gender. Dominant assumptions and expectations may essentially prevent an individual from becoming socially mobile within a seemingly rigid hierarchical social structure. However, Liza, the protagonist utilizes language as the tool which enables the her to escape the confines of the lower class and to be regarded as a human of a certain degree of worth within society. As Liza transforms from flower girl to duchess, the audience is witness to the many ways that an individual can be dehumanised through the socialisation process. Issues of both class and gender arise from the tensions within the play that surround the interactions between Higgins and Liza and the viewer is able to openly question the values that exist within a soci ety that judges the character of a person on the basis of wealth and education. Henry Higgins represents the upper class of society, those that are expected to be both educated and wealthy. He is profoundly aware of his status and is not particularly sympathetic towards those of the lower class. This is revealed as he is first introduced to Liza and refers to her as a 'squashed cabbage leaf.' (Shaw, 2003:18) This first scene is important as it establishes the class differences that are evident within the language contrasts of each of the characters. Higgins plays an important role in establishing this theme as he places great emphasis on phonetics. He has the ability to place an i... ...e society of Shaw's time and of contemporary society. Liza is an independent woman at the closing of the play, when one takes into consideration that she possesses an assertive sense of free will and a determination to maintain her strength of character. Ultimately, Liza's insistence on remaining true to herself is a positive ramification of a transformation process, that in itself presented many moral questions to the perceptive audience. The protagonist has confronted the obstacles imposed on her by social conventions, with regards to both gender and class stereotypes, and has essentially deconstructed the boundaries that had previously prevented her from fulfilling her own capabilities and sense of self worth. Bibliography Bentley, E. Bernard Shaw, 2nd edn. London: Methuen, 1967. Shaw, B. Pygmalion, London: Penguin Books, 2003.

Preschool Age

During preschool age, physical growth begins to slow down. It is much slower than it was during infancy. Children at the early childhood stage, children start to become taller and leaner as they mature. They will look more like adults than like infants by the end of early childhood. â€Å"During the ages two to six, children make great strides in the development of gross motor skills, which involves the large muscles used in movement â€Å"(Rathus, 2017). At four years old, she has a more complex physical development using both gross and fine motor skills. She has greater control over large muscles, such as her arms and legs. She is also able to coordinate multiple tasks at the same time, such as singing and building blocks as opposed to when she was a toddler. She is much more coordinated in her play than the younger children around her. In early childhood, children appear to acquire motor skills by teaching them selves in observing the behavior of other children and adults† (Rathus, 2017, p. 255). Thus, fine motor skills develop more gradually. Fine motor skills are all the small muscles used in manipulation and coordination. Control over the wrist and fingers enable children to, write, dress themselves and in her case the ability to stack blocks. While observing the child's use of language, her comprehension and use of words is more sophisticated, she can make sentences and can understand what others are saying. She can talk in clear speech. She is quite self-assured and can understand the concept of conversation. Her language is more mature, her memory and imagination has developed and she is able to think more symbolically. Children's language skills develop radically during the preschool years. Between the ages of three and five, egocentric speech starts to disappear. The child's conversational language starts to show sensitivity to the listener, for example, the subject was taking turns talking and listening to her fellow classmates. By that age of four years old, some milestones children develop are the ability to ask adults and each other questions, taking turns talking, and partaking in longer conversations. â€Å"They have vocabulary of 1500-1600 words. They're speech is fluent and their articulation is also good. Children can use five or six words in sentences and can now coordinate two sentences together† (Rathus, 2017 p. 301).

Unhealthy Food Choices, Lack Of Parental Guidance, And A...

In 2012, one third of adolescents were either overweight or obese and 18% of 6-11 year olds were obese; that is a staggering statistic (CDC). This can cause life long problems for these children. In this essay, I will show you that unhealthy food choices, lack of parental guidance, and a sedentary lifestyle are some of the leading causes of obesity in our children. For instance, these days with most parents having to work outside the home, there is not much time spent cooking healthy meals. Most children come home to an empty house and many do not know how to cook, so unless there is something prepared for them ahead of time, they head straight for the junk food. Plus, with all the inexpensive convenience foods that are on the shelves these days it makes it too easy for one to whip up a â€Å"family meal† or snack in just minutes in the microwave. The problem with these convenience foods is that they are usually high in fat, sugar, and calories (Sorte, Daeschel, Amador 5). Not only are convenience foods bad for you, but also too are the so-called â€Å"fast foods.† If you go to any local fast food restaurant and order one cheeseburger meal with fries and a soda, you have literally eaten your whole days calories in one meal and two days worth of fat. For instance a Whopper Value Meal contains: 1430 calories, 65 grams of fat, 1930 mg. sodium, 85 mg. cholesterol, 89 grams sugar, 0 vitamins, 0 calcium and 0 iron. (Calories in Burger King Whopper Value Meal (With Cheese, Medium Fries,Show MoreRelatedChild Obesity Paper2748 Words   |  11 PagesChildhood obesity has lasting psychological effects, due to parental knowledge, lack of physical activities, and food advertisement; which has made obesity become a major health issue in many young childrens lives today. First, what is child obesity? The term child obesity means, â€Å"A child is between birth and puberty and is extremely overweight and has a body mass index BMI at or the 95th percentile.† (Hassink, 2006) This disease is caused by lack of exercise and over-eating by a child. Child obesityRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Parenting Problem2338 Words   |  10 PagesAmerican University â€Æ' Abstract Childhood obesity is a parenting problem in the fact that children do not prepare food and feed themselves. Children eat what is presented to them, by the adults that are supposed to be caring for them in the best possible ways. Children also look to parents for guidance in how to behave and act. If the adults are leading a sedentary or inactive lifestyle, the kids will follow suit. It is up to the parents to become educated in the PROPER ways to feed the children. SlowRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An Epidemic Essay1954 Words   |  8 Pagesillnesses. Not only do children who are obese have unhealthy weights, but they also have a high risk of having weak lungs, poor blood quality, and a variety of other sicknesses. Parents have turned a blind eye to their children’s eating habits. A fast-food craze has swept over the country, consequentially leaving a trail of poor nutrition in its wake. Fast-food corporations seem to be encouraging children to consume regular amounts of unhea lthy foods by giving away toys with the purchase of a child’sRead MoreThe Rising Concern Within The Public Health Sector2104 Words   |  9 Pagesrise in morbidity is largely reflected by changes within society, with urbanisation and global marketing promoting unhealthy lifestyles and discouraging physical activity(Alexander Baur 2007). Changes in marketing and food supply has led to readily available and cheap alternatives to home cooked meals whilst, changes to occupations have replaced active environments with sedentary deskbound jobs (Glenny et al. 1997). Furthermore, challenges in the global economy has led to increased areas of socialRead MoreHealth Issues Of The Australian Government2636 Words   |  11 Pagesrise in morbidity is largely reflected by changes within society, with urbanisation and global marketing promoting unhealthy lifestyles rather than promoting physical activity (Alexander Baur 2007). Changes in marketing and food supply has led to readily avail able and cheap alternatives to home cooked meals whilst, changes to occupations have replaced active environments with sedentary deskbound jobs (Glenny et al. 1997). Furthermore, challenges in the global economy has led to increased areas ofRead MoreEpidemiology Paper2419 Words   |  10 Pages Approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2—19 years are obese. Since 1980, obesity prevalence among children and adolescents has nearly tripled (CDC, 2011). There are numerous contributing factors suspected in this unhealthy trend. The increasing ease of access to computers, computer games, the internet, and social acceptance of extended leisure time have seemingly caused the incidence teenage obesity rise at alarming rates (Teen obesity, 2011). There is of course noRead MoreObesity : A Effect On A Child s Life Essay2056 Words   |  9 Pages77.5 (2006): 4. Web. Obesity has a profound effect on a child’s life; an obese child is more likely to become an obese adult. Proper nutrition habits start as soon as the child is born, overfeeding an infant can affect the way the child perceives food. The parent is held accountable for what and how much their child eats and drinks. The community, churches and schools all play an important part of this growing epidemic. These same neighboring corporations should play a part in maintaining a healthyRead MoreHealth Advocacy Campaign4102 Words   |  17 Pagesof professional guidance for prevention and the implication for parenteral involvement. The pieces of literature seem to agree that prevention is indeed more helpful than many of the â€Å"corrective† approaches upon the establishment of obesity (Crawford, et al., 2001). Further, targeting prevention programs for preschoolers as well as their parents presents the best chance for success (Sorg, et al., 2013). Most professional guidelines or recommendations are however restricted by lack of an evidence baseRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pageswriting to the CDE Press Sales Office, California Department of Education, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 95814-5901; faxing to 916-323-0823; or calling the CDE Press Sales Office at the telephone number shown above. Notice The guidance in the California Preschool Learning Foundations (Volume 2) is not binding on local educational agencies or other entities. Except for the statutes, regulations, and court decisions that are referenced herein, the documents is exemplary, and Read MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 PagesConsumer Lifestyles - United Arab Emirates Euromonitor International August 2010 List of Contents and Tables Structure of the Report 1 Consumer Trends 1 Increased Demand for Health and Wellness Products in the Middle East 2 Popularity of Online Shopping Grows Amongst UAE Consumers 3 Generation of Newly Thrifty UAE Consumers 3 Rental Rates Plummet Across the Uae, Adding To Consumer Disposable Income 4 Environmentally Friendly Consumers on the Rise in UAE 5 Consumer Segmentation

Diversity in the Workplace - 964 Words

Running head: DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE Abstract Select (highlight) this text and then begin typing your abstract, which should be limited to one paragraph of not more than 120 words A Survey of Organizational Culture and its Effectiveness on Managing Diversity in the Workplace Diversity in the workplace is a relatively new concept that has been attracting considerable attention from the executives of most businesses. â€Å"Ongoing demographic trends (increasing percentages of African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians, in the American workforce, an aging population, expanded female labor force participation) have made diversity a fact of organizational life,† (Roberson, 2007, pg. 1). These trends in diversity have some companies†¦show more content†¦Today’s businesses are behind the gun to make the changes that will keep them profitable and leading edge. Nurses can testify that healthcare is an occupation in which change is constant and hospitals employ a large and diverse workforce. â€Å"The healthcare industry is increasingly diverse in the workforce and the patient population. Diversity is both an asset and a challenge. Nursing shortages make it imperative that diversity be leveraged to improve the interaction among colleagues and nurse retention,† (Beheri, 2007 pg. 17). Yet hospitals continue to be among those companies that suffer from the lack of strong organizational cultures. â€Å"Health care provider organizations are like the bumblebee. The basic structure of many hospitals, group practices, managed care systems, and so on is unsound and seemingly unfit for survival (Martin D. Merry, 1994 pg. 1). Gayla Hodges, an expert on managing change within organizations states that it is constant change in an organization that creates the cracks that will eventually lead to conflict. She sites three reasons why some companies can survive change within their organizational culture why some cannot. They are, â€Å"inadequate culture-shift planning, lack of employee involvement, and flawed communication strategies, â€Å"(Hodges, 2007 pg. 17). References Beheri, Wadea Hasan. (2007). Nursing diversity: The knowledge of cultural diversity and its impact on the interaction levelShow MoreRelatedDiversity In The Workplace. . Diversity In The Workplace990 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity in the Workplace Diversity in the workplace is imperative even though some commentators argue that too much diversity can be negative. Diversity can lead to staff feeling ‘threatened or even annoyed by persons with views and backgrounds different from their own’ (Barsoux, Strebel and Manzoni, 2010). Instead of inclusivity, diversity can end up causing conflicts, as some staff are reluctant in changing their viewpoints and are less adaptable to change. The discourse relating to diversityRead MoreDiversity Of Diversity At The Workplace942 Words   |  4 PagesIn this week’s integrated article, review, I am focusing on diversity at the workplace. This is a topic very relevant and important for any organizations success. Diversity at the workplace refers to any characteristic that makes people different from one another. Today’s workforce is a diverse mix in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, generational attitudes. It is important for an organization to adopt diversity management practices to bring this diverse mix together into a stable productive unitRead MoreWorkplace Diversity And The Workplace853 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace Diversity Many outstanding articles, books, journals and papers have been written regarding the topic of workforce diversity. Some are relatively short papers such as Diversity in the Workplace published by the University of Florida, and seek to provide the reader with a basic understanding of what is meant by workplace diversity, as well as the potential benefits to both employers and employees alike. Other resources can be significantly more in-depth and explore subtopics of workplaceRead MoreDiversity At Workplace Diversity Within The Workplace3281 Words   |  14 Pages1.0 Diversity at workplace Diversity is a very extensive subject and can be in any genre or class; it is difficult to categorize because of its complex nature. According to Res (2012), diversity can be represented as a variety of human aspects pertaining to different societies and cultures in the workforce or can be explained tolerating the differences. On the contrary, diversity is a quest of differences among human beings in safe, positive and nurturing surroundings and moves beyond simple toleranceRead MoreWorkplace Diversity Of The Workplace965 Words   |  4 PagesJob’s face many struggles and challenges each and every day. Workplace diversity is something which is being talked about the most here lately. Out breaks of minimum wage, sexualities, gender, and even your skin color affects what diversity a business would want. Within the business, the professional level is set pretty high due to the superior designers making us able to dress well fashioned. When people step into a business they do not want someone that is going to walk in with a t-shirt and gymRead MoreThe Diversity At The Workplace747 Words   |  3 PagesThomas (1992) entails the diversity at workplace in terms of all ancestry, ethnicity, age, gender, race, educational background, sexual orientation, marital status, religious belief, income, geographic location and work experience. The mobility in human resource trend is emerging within the competitive market that requires more strategic role on account of human resource management. Organizations may fall in dire consequences of outplaying by other competitors in strategic employment. Nowadays, workforceRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace1096 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE Diversity in the Workplace Amber Barger ORG536 – Contemporary Business Writing and Communication Colorado State University –Global Campus Dr. Phillip Jackson November 26, 2013 DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE As companies start to regain their footing after the recent economic downturn, 2 factors such as the rising number of immigrants, mergers of large corporations, the popular use of temporary workers and the increasing globalization of business,Read MoreDiversity in the Workplace714 Words   |  3 PagesDiversity in the Workplace Introduction Workplaces are becoming increasingly diverse, and this is a dynamic that is causing some tension between and among employees. What are the positives and negatives of diversity in the workplace? America is a place with a great diversity of cultures, but sometimes in the workplace cultural values can clash and this paper discusses the why and how of those issues. The Literature Why are workplaces becoming more diverse, and why does diversity in a companyRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace1465 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Diversity in the Workplace As stated in our book, workplace diversity is defined as â€Å"diversity at work means having a workface comprised of two or more groups of employees with various racial, ethic, gender, cultural, national origin, handicap, age, and religious backgrounds†. There are many positives and also negatives of diversity in the workplace. Some of the negatives from workplace diversity are stereotyping, discrimination, tokenism, ethnocentrism, and also gender- role stereotypes. SomeRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace5680 Words   |  23 PagesSURFACE LEVEL DIVERSITY, DEEP LEVEL DIVERSITY, AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ABSTRACT Surface level diversity is the mixture of people who differentiate by sex, race or ethnicity, and the observably physically disabled. These differences typically cannot be changed and are easy to measure because they are visual. Deep level diversity are differences such as personality and attitudes that can be communicated through verbal and nonverbal behaviors. Diversity can be affiliated with socio-economic

Kant s View On Morality - 921 Words

Another topic that Kant contributed to is morality. According to Kant, moral laws cannot be derived from human nature. To put it in other terms, it is not human nature that should be used as a model to how we should behave morally. Kant believed that humans do not always make the right moral decisions because human nature can be flawed at times, often times choosing an animalistic desire over doing something that is morally permissible. In addition, Kant believed that the outcome of human nature is not the central issue when it comes to knowing what is right or what is wrong. Instead, Kant believes that it each of the individual actions that should be analyzed to see if it is morally wrong or if it is morally right. Kant’s point of view about morality is different from previous philosophers, because most of them looked to human nature in order to find the morally right things to do. To look more closely at human nature, Kant pointed out that there are categories in which each action takes place. Kant believed that there are differences between physical laws and ethical laws. Kant separated natural laws into two main parts: pure natural laws, and laws of inclination. Pure natural laws are laws that everything must obey including humans, animals, and non- living objects. An example of a pure natural laws are the laws of physics, such as gravity and the law of inertia. Laws of inclination can be described in different terms as laws of desire. Kant points out thatShow MoreRelatedKant And Hobbes s View On Morality1761 Words   |  8 PagesKant and Hobbes have completely different interpretations of morality. The vast differences between them is due to their opposing schools of thought. Kant’s view on morality is very analytical and strict. Whereas, Hobbes’ view is both provisional and tentative, depending on the outcomes. Although these differen ces between their philosophies were present, they both took a subjective stance in their reasoning meaning, they believed moral philosophy should be centered on the person. This essay willRead MoreKant s Theory Of Morality982 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant is said by many to be one of the most influential â€Å"thinkers† in the history of Western philosophy (McCormick, n.d.), this being said, most of his theories continue to be taught and are highly respected by society. Kant was a firm believer that the morality of any action can be assessed by the motivation behind it (McCormick, n.d.). In other words, if an action is good but the intention behind the action is not good, the action itself would be considered immoral. Those who follow theRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 Pageshow can we view the philosophical ethics of Mill, Kant, Aristotle, Nietzsche, and the ethics of care? III For Mill, the question is what is the relation between his (metaethical) empirical naturalism and his (normative) qualitatively hedonist value theory and his utilitarian moral theory? One place we can see Mill?s empiricism is his treatment, in Chapter III, of the question of why the principle of utility is ?binding?, how it can generate a moral obligation. Compare Mill?s treatmentRead MoreKant And Kant s Categorical Imperative1241 Words   |  5 PagesImmanuel Kant, an 18th-century moral philosopher, had contended that the fundamental principle of morality is the Categorical Imperative, from here will be additionally labeled as (CI) or otherwise mentioned. He supported his view by suggesting a pure moral philosophy; a metaphysics of morals that is not solely for rational beings to explore different ¬ sources of basic moral principles that are found through their own observational experience a priori, but additionally for the sake of morality as itRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Friedrich Nietzsche Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesImmanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche are two widely acclaimed philosophers due to the groundwork they made towards the philosophical principles of morality. However, even though they both have openly discussed their views, they have ended up contradicting each other. Kant implied that morality is not learned, but rather predestined, whereas Nietzsche alluded to a experience based morality, or one that is learned through actions and memories. Although these two men have accepted views of morality, theRead MoreThe Ethical Concepts Of Kantian Ethics Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesMorality in Reasons, not Consequences Introduction The philosophy of Kant has become a turning point in the development of the Western thinking and worldview. His innovative and progressive ideas have strongly contributed to the formation of a new paradigm of the universe and role of humans in it. A great role in Kant’s studies belongs to the analysis of ethics, morality and law as the main regulators of the human behavior in the society Kant is known as the founder of the deontological ethics (Kantianism)Read MoreKant s Categorical Imperative Of The Modern Era826 Words   |  4 PagesEmmanuel Kant was an influential philosopher and strong proponent of the modern era. Besides his large contribution to epistemology and metaphysics, his work in ethics was just as substantial. Kant’s ethics came to propose an objective morality, where moral judgments is not only true according to a person s subjective view. He believed the moral worth of an action is not determined by its consequence but the motive behind it. Through Kan t’s ethics, he demonstrates this duty through his unconditionalRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of morality is the rules for right action and prohibitions against wrong acts. Sometimes morality is the single set of absolute rules and prohibitions that are valid for all men at all times and all societies. More loosely, a morality can be any set of ultimate principles, and there may be any number of moralities in different societies. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there areRead MoreThe Role Of Happiness On Kant s And Mill s Ethics1712 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Happiness in Kant s and Mill s Ethics Corey Guitard (0241740) Introduction to Ethics November 18th, 2015 Philosophy 2701 Dr. Rupen Majithia Words: Immanuel Kant refers to happiness as contentment (Kant, ) whereas John Stuart Mill refers to it as the pursuit of pleasure and the absence of pain (Mill, p.7). Kant does not base his ethics on happiness. Instead, he argues that morality is based on our duty as a human (Kant, ). To do what is right for Kant is to do what is instinctuallyRead MoreThe Appraisal Of Moral Worth : Kant Versus Nagel1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe Appraisal of Moral Worth: Kant Versus Nagel Since the moment we were born, our minds have been absorbing information and relaying that information into choices that subsequently dictate our life. Out of these choices, we face the dilemma of personal gain versus morality. It is in the best interests of all humanity that each individual shares similar values, such as trust, compassion, loyalty, and a desire for communal progress. When individuals share such values, it allows a society to build

Why Cosmetology Free Essays

I haven’t had an actual job related to this career, other than doing freelance Jobs when asked to. It is because of the freelance work Vive done that I decided to take this career path for now. I thought to myself, why not make more money off something I do already anyway? Like Jessica, from Real Stories, I have changed my mind a lot about the kind of career I want to. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Cosmetology or any similar topic only for you Order Now One thing I am sure of now though Is that I don’t want to be a cosmetologist for the rest of my life. I can definitely see myself In a Job that Is unrelated to Cosmetology. My goal Is to make a change in people’s lives, and I feel Like this Is one way of doing that. If making people feel better about their appearance gives them self-confidence, I have done my lob. This relates to the career I actually want which Is to be a Youth Probation Officer because I want to make a change In young people at an early age. A cosmetologist and a probation officer are two completely different careers, but when you really hint about it they both try and make an impact in people’s lives. I am sometimes concerned that I will go through what Jessica from Real Stories went through. I am scared that the career I want is nothing like what I expected. If I were Jessica I would have done more research on the work environment of the job. Online research is always good, but there is nothing like interviewing someone that is exactly where you want to be. They have been there and can tell you exactly what to expect. We should always have options in life. I personally get bored of the same routine. This could affect my decision of the career I want in the long run. So, I think it is a good idea to attend graduate school to expand our options. We never know how a job really is until we actually start working it. It doesn’t matter the amount of research we do on a specific career because everyone’s experience is different. We are individuals, and some might love it and others might hate it. We should always have options and be prepared. How to cite Why Cosmetology, Papers

International Finance Strategies and Competitive

Question: Discuss about the International Finance for Strategies and Competitive. Answer: Introduction: In the given case, Pomo Ltd expects to receive payment of S$800000.00 in one-year time. The one-year forward rate is $0.76. The forward contract hedge is calculated by multiplying the forward rates with the currency receivable. Calculation of Forward Contract hedge Particulars Amount Payment receivable (Singapore $) $ 800,000.00 Forward Rate $ 0.76 Forward contract hedge $ 608,000.00 Table 1: Forward Contract hedge (Source: Created by Author) Money market Hedge The money market hedge is a three-step process. The first step is that the company will take a loan from a bank in Singapore at the interest rate of 7% per annum. The maximum amount of loan that the US Company can borrow from a bank in Singapore is S$747664. The calculations are given below: Calculation of Maximum loan amount (Singapore dollar) Particulars Amount Payment receivable $ 800,000.00 Interest rate 7% Maximum Loan Amount $ 747,664 Table 2: Maximum loan Amount (Source: created by Author) The second step is to convert the loan amount from Singapore currency to American currency at the spot rate of $0.74. The loan amount comes to $553271. The calculation is given below: Calculation showing conversion of loan to US dollar Particulars Amount Loan Amount $ 747,664 Spot Rate $ 0.74 Loan Amount in US dollar $ 553,271 Table 3: Conversion of Loan (Source: Created by Author) The third step is to deposit the amount in bank for earning interest at the rate of 9%. If the amount is remained invested in American bank for one year, the total amount received is $603605.00. Calculation of Amount Receivable at the end of one year Particulars Amount Deposited Amount $ 553,271 Interest rate 9% Interest Amount $ 49,794 Total Amount received $ 603,065 Table 4: Amount received (Source: created by Author) The customer in Singapore settles the loan amount at the end of one-year period. The total cash inflow from the money market hedge is $603065.00. The exercise price of put option is US$0.77 and the premium payable for put option is $0.04. The put option hedge is $584000.00. The calculation is give below: Calculation of Put Option Hedge Particulars Amount Payment receivable (Singapore amount) $ 800,000.00 Exercise price $ 0.77 Option premium $ 0.04 Net receivable (US) $ 0.73 Amount receivable (US) $ 584,000.00 Table 5: Put option hedge (Source: Created by Author) In foreign currency, transaction there is a risk of foreign exchange fluctuation that might cause loss. In such a situation, the company has two options either to undertake hedging or not to hedge the position (Bartram et al., 2013). If the company does not hedge its position then it will have to receive payment based on the future spot. The statement showing probability and the amount that is receivable to the company with no hedge position is given below: Amount receivable in no hedge position Probability Future Spot Rate Amount Receivable (Singapore) Amount Receivable (America) 20% 0.75 $ 800,000.00 $ 600,000.00 30% 0.77 $ 800,000.00 $ 616,000.00 50% 0.81 $ 800,000.00 $ 648,000.00 Table 6: Amount receivable no hedge position (Source: Created by Author) The above table shows that there is huge fluctuation in receivable. In order to reduce the risk it is important to hedge the position. The optimal hedge is that which reduces the loss. The best hedging strategy is selected based on the cash flow received. The cash inflow in forward contract hedge is $608000.00, in money market hedge, the cash inflow is $603065.00 and in put option hedge, the cash inflow is $584000.00. As the inflow of cash in the forward contract hedge is maximum so this hedging strategy should be selected. Profit/ (Notional loss) on Hedge Particular Probability 20% Probability 50% Probability 30% Forward Contract Hedge $ 608,000.00 $ 608000 $ 608000 Amount Receivable (America) $ 600,000.00 $ 616,000.00 $ 648,000.00 Profit/(Notional loss) $ 8,000.00 $ (8,000.00) $ (40,000.00) Table 7: Profit/ (Notional loss) on Hedge (Source: Created by Author) The table shows that the there is a 20% probability that hedging will save the company $80000.00. There is a 50% probability that the amount received is $608000.00 so there is a notional loss of $8000.00. There is a 30% probability that the amount received is $648000.00 so there is a notional loss of $40000.00 if the company opts for hedging. The Multi National Companies as Pomo Limited does hedging in order to reduce or limit the losses arising from international transactions involving foreign exchange. The Multinational Corporations has operations in different countries but the currency of different countries does not move in the same trend at the same time. In order to mitigate this risk the MNC usually applies hedging strategies (Dong et al., 2014). The hedging strategies are used as an operational or financial risk management strategy. The success of hedging strategies can be assessed after determining the effect it has on the objective of mitigating risk and increasing the value of the shareholders (Kroencke et al., 2014). In the hypothesis developed by Modigliani and Miller in 1958, it was established that financial policies of the company does not have any impact on the value of the company. The theory also found that if the financial market is efficient then the hedging activity does not increase the value of the company. On the other hand, if some the hypotheses are relaxed then it is possible to show that the hedging increases the value of the firm. The companies risk management has developed many theories and one of them is optimal hedging theories (Stulz, 2013). The over hedging is a term used if a position is hedged to such an extent that it ceases to be profitable. On the basis of the above discussion it can be seen that as per the Modigliani and Miller Theorem hedging does not influence the value of the firm further and the over hedging defeats the very purpose of entering into the transaction. Therefore, it can be concluded that over hedging can negatively influence the financial position of the company so it should be avoided (Mancini et al., 2013). Reference Bartram, S. M., Burns, N., Helwege, J. (2013). Foreign currency exposure and hedging: Evidence from foreign acquisitions.The Quarterly Journal of Finance,3(02), 1350010. Dong, L., Kouvelis, P., Su, P. (2014). Operational hedging strategies and competitive exposure to exchange rates.International Journal of Production Economics,153, 215-229. Kroencke, T. A., Schindler, F., Schrimpf, A. (2014). International diversification benefits with foreign exchange investment styles.Review of Finance,18(5), 1847-1883. Mancini, L., Ranaldo, A., Wrampelmeyer, J. (2013). Liquidity in the foreign exchange market: Measurement, commonality, and risk premiums.The Journal of Finance,68(5), 1805-1841. Stulz, R. M. (2013). How companies can use hedging to create shareholder value.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,25(4), 21-29.